reported more stress and were three times more likely to say they wanted to leave the profession than white nurses. (2007) found that nurses of color in the U.S. Nursing scholars have examined the underrepresentation and experiences of racial/ethnic, or “visible minorities,” in Europe and North America ( Berdes & Eckert, 2001 Ham, 2020 Institute of Medicine, 2011 Jefferies et al., 2019 Premji & Etowa, 2014 Tuttas, 2015). We ask, how do Dutch female nurses of color experience their work? What role might sexism, racism, and nativism play in their daily experiences as nurses? This study aims to examine the experiences of female nurses of color in the Netherlands. Whiteness is generally normalized in the Netherlands ( Dyer, 2002) and the Dutch emphasis on tolerance and progressive values often masks continuing forms of overt and subtle racism ( Wekker, 2016).
#Hoe weet je of je zwanger bent of niet skin#
While racial categories are widely recognized by scholars as a social construct without biological foundation, the social ramifications of phenotypical differences (namely, skin color) remain relevant for shaping social interactions, including interactions that result in differential treatment ( Golash-Boza, 2016). Nursing scholars argue that experiences of discrimination and racism are key barriers to successful recruitment and retention of diverse nurses and can hinder the provision of culturally competent care ( Tuttas, 2015). A legacy of associating nursing with white, middle-class women continues in North American and Europe ( Glenn, 1992 Premji & Etowa, 2014 Puzan, 2003 van Riemsdijk, 2010 Wooten & Branch, 2012).
In Canada, “visible and linguistic minorities” remain “under-represented in managerial positions and over-represented in lower ranking position” in healthcare occupations ( Premji & Etowa, 2014, p. registered nurses ( Institute of Medicine, 2011), while they make up around 27 percent of the total population ( Humes et al., 2011). Racial and ethnic minorities make up roughly 17 percent of U.S. In the Netherlands, where non-Western migrants make up 13 percent of the population ( Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2019), less than 7 percent of nursing graduates have a non-Western background ( Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2015). Nursing is one form of care work that is predominantly performed by white women in North America and Western Europe. In 2009 these reports were collected in the book Chambermaids and Soldiers.Globally, the nursing profession remains an occupation marked as feminine, with women making up the majority of nurses throughout Western and non-Western countries ( Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2016 Institute of Medicine, 2011 World Health Organization, 2020). Also he visited the Dutch troops in Afghanistan and the US Army in Iraq. His books have been translated into many languages, including English, German, Japanese and Georgian.įrom 2006 Grunberg wrote various journalistic reports, for example about working undercover in a Bavarian hotel and his visit to Guantánamo Bay. His novel Tirza won the Dutch Golden Owl Prize for Literature and the Libris Prize. He also writes a blog for the literary Internet magazine Words Without Borders and his own site. He does not restrict himself only to the written media, but also reads a story for the radio every week and for some time he was host of a cultural television program. Grunberg publishes novels about once a year but also writes columns and essays in a wide variety of Dutch and international newspapers and magazines. In 2000, under the heteronym Marek van der Jagt, he won the best debut prize again for his novel De geschiedenis van mijn kaalheid (The History of My Baldness). Grunberg made his literary debut in 1994 with the novel Blauwe maandagen (Blue Mondays), which won the Dutch prize for the best debut novel that year. In 1989 Grunberg made his acting debut in Maria's Cunt (de Kut van Maria) a short film by Dutch enfant terrible filmmaker Cyrus Frisch. Some of his books were written using the heteronym Marek van der Jagt.
Arnon Yasha Yves (Arnon) Grunberg is a Dutch writer.
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